Thursday, February 28, 2013

Worried About Bullying? Be More Worried About Govt. "Fixes" by Heather Wilhelm

Worried About Bullying? Be More Worried About Govt. "Fixes" by Heather Wilhelm

Swadesh List from Wikipedia

Swadesh List from Wikipedia

Geneticists Estimate Publication Date of 'The Iliad' by Joel Shurkin

Geneticists Estimate Publication Date of 'The Iliad' by Joel Shurkin

It's time for psychologists to put their house in order by Keith Laws

It's time for psychologists to put their house in order by Keith Laws

Adults Are Flocking to College That Paved Way for Flexibility by Tamar Lewin

Adults Are Flocking to College That Paved Way for Flexibility by Tamar Lewin

Hidden After Offending, Mural at a State Office Is Back, for Peeks Only by Jesse McKinley

Hidden After Offending, Mural at a State Office Is Back, for Peeks Only by Jesse McKinley

Tuesday, February 26, 2013

We Aren’t the World by Ethan Watters

We Aren’t the World by Ethan Watters

We've Been Looking at the Spread of Global Pandemics All Wrong by Emily Badger

We've Been Looking at the Spread of Global Pandemics All Wrong by Emily Badger

Don't Be Afraid to Stereotype Strangers by Ross Pomeroy

Don't Be Afraid to Stereotype Strangers by Ross Pomeroy

Humanitarian Malfeasance by Jonatahn M. Katz

Humanitarian Malfeasance by Jonatahn M. Katz

"We are professionals, we have to dress nice, but we are paid less than kids who work at McDonald's" from Althouse

"We are professionals, we have to dress nice, but we are paid less than kids who work at McDonald's" from Althouse

Why the 'naughty' stereotype holds boys back at school: Children as young as 7 believe girls are better in class by Fiona Macrae

Why the 'naughty' stereotype holds boys back at school: Children as young as 7 believe girls are better in class by Fiona Macrae

Enrollment Off in Big Districts, Forcing Layoffs by Motoko Rich

Enrollment Off in Big Districts, Forcing Layoffs by Motoko Rich

Friday, February 22, 2013

59% Think Most School Textbooks Put Political Correctness Ahead of Accuracy from Rasmussen Reports

59% Think Most School Textbooks Put Political Correctness Ahead of Accuracy from Rasmussen Reports

How Napoleon Chagnon Became Our Most Controversial Anthropologist by Emily Eakin

How Napoleon Chagnon Became Our Most Controversial Anthropologist by Emily Eakin

What's the Use of a PhD? by Megan McArdle

What's the Use of a PhD? by Megan McArdle

America's New Mandarins by Megan McArdle

America's New Mandarins by Megan McArdle

‘The Declining Importance of Race and Gender in the Labor Market’ book review by Diana Furchtgott-Roth

‘The Declining Importance of Race and Gender in the Labor Market’ book review by Diana Furchtgott-Roth

Don't Just Blame Cats: Dogs Disrupt Wildlife, Too by Megan Gannon

Don't Just Blame Cats: Dogs Disrupt Wildlife, Too by Megan Gannon

Blogger Reads the Bestselling Books of the Last 100 Years by Gabe Habash

Blogger Reads the Bestselling Books of the Last 100 Years by Gabe Habash

“To this day”: Poet talks about his viral animated anti-bullying video by Lisa Suhay

“To this day”: Poet talks about his viral animated anti-bullying video by Lisa Suhay

Teacher Job Satisfaction Hits 25-Year Low by Emily Richmond

Teacher Job Satisfaction Hits 25-Year Low by Emily Richmond

Can Academic Standards Boost Literacy and Close the Achievement Gap? by Ron Haskins, Richard Murnane, Isabel Sawhill, and Catherine Snow

Can Academic Standards Boost Literacy and Close the Achievement Gap? by Ron Haskins, Richard Murnane, Isabel Sawhill, and Catherine Snow

Strengthening Fragile Families by Elisabeth Donahue, Irwin Garfinkel, Ron Haskins, Sara McLanahan and Ronald B. Mincy

Strengthening Fragile Families by Elisabeth Donahue, Irwin Garfinkel, Ron Haskins, Sara McLanahan and Ronald B. Mincy

Preschool debate obscures core problem: Our view by USA Today The Editorial Board

Preschool debate obscures core problem: Our view by USA Today The Editorial Board

How To Create a Mind: Can a marriage between man and machine solve the world's problems? by Don Tapscott

How To Create a Mind: Can a marriage between man and machine solve the world's problems? by Don Tapscott

Thursday, February 21, 2013

The Ph.D Bust: America's Awful Market for Young Scientists—in 7 Charts by Jordan Weissmann

The Ph.D Bust: America's Awful Market for Young Scientists—in 7 Charts by Jordan Weissmann

Psychologists Confront Rash of Invalid Studies by Tia Ghose

Psychologists Confront Rash of Invalid Studies by Tia Ghose

The lesson you never got taught in school: How to learn! by Neurobonkers

The lesson you never got taught in school: How to learn! by Neurobonkers

End of Story by Charles Foran

End of Story by Charles Foran

Why even Amsterdam doesn’t want legal brothels by Julie Bindel

Why even Amsterdam doesn’t want legal brothels by Julie Bindel

Wednesday, February 20, 2013

Into Thin Air by Alan Glenn

Into Thin Air by Alan Glenn

Mark Pagel: culture is central to human success by Ian Tucker

Mark Pagel: culture is central to human success by Ian Tucker

Learning Instrument Does Not Make Children More Intelligent, Experts Claim by Nick Collins

Learning Instrument Does Not Make Children More Intelligent, Experts Claim by Nick Collins

The Atlas Shrugged Book Club Begins, Polarized but Polite forum

The Atlas Shrugged Book Club Begins, Polarized but Polite forum

Plessy v. Ferguson, Dissenting Opinion, John Marshall Harlan

Plessy v. Ferguson, Dissenting Opinion, John Marshall Harlan

Why Evangelicals Have All the Bestsellers by Mickey Maudlin

Why Evangelicals Have All the Bestsellers by Mickey Maudlin

Justice Clarence Thomas Visits HLS video

Justice Clarence Thomas Visits HLS video

Teacher, leave them kids alone from The Economist

Teacher, leave them kids alone from The Economist

Horsemeat Economics by Tyler Durden

Horsemeat Economics by Tyler Durden

It Is Twenty Times Easier To Get Into Princeton Than To Get A UK Part-Time Coffee Barista Job by Tyler Durden

It Is Twenty Times Easier To Get Into Princeton Than To Get A UK Part-Time Coffee Barista Job by Tyler Durden

Friday, February 15, 2013

Is Oklahoma the right model for universal pre-K? by Suzy Khimm

Is Oklahoma the right model for universal pre-K? by Suzy Khimm

What is Equality? Part 2: Equality of Resources by Ronald Dworkin

What is Equality? Part 2: Equality of Resources by Ronald Dworkin

What is Equality? Part 1: Equality of Welfare by Ronald Dworkin

What is Equality? Part 1: Equality of Welfare by Ronald Dworkin

Is Wealth a Value? by Ronald M. Dworkin

Is Wealth a Value? by Ronald M. Dworkin

An Imperial Improvisation: Britain's overseas influence ranged from commercial investment to direct rule book review by Isaac Chotiner

An Imperial Improvisation: Britain's overseas influence ranged from commercial investment to direct rule book review by Isaac Chotiner

East Asian Physical Traits Linked to 35,000-Year-Old Mutation by Nicholas Wade

East Asian Physical Traits Linked to 35,000-Year-Old Mutation by Nicholas Wade

Reading Wuthering Heights in Kenya by Helen Rittelmeyer

Reading Wuthering Heights in Kenya by Helen Rittelmeyer

Not Everyone Who Seems Like a Serious Reader Is One, Teju Cole by Helen Rittelmeyer

Not Everyone Who Seems Like a Serious Reader Is One, Teju Cole by Helen Rittelmeyer

As hamburgers go, so goes America? from The Economist

As hamburgers go, so goes America? from The Economist

Thursday, February 14, 2013

Intolerance Is Putting Europe at Risk by Benjamin Ward

Intolerance Is Putting Europe at Risk by Benjamin Ward

How to Think About the Minimum Wage by Megan McArdle

How to Think About the Minimum Wage by Megan McArdle

Gray Lady Dumps Darwin: Feminism is the new creationism by James Taranto

Gray Lady Dumps Darwin: Feminism is the new creationism by James Taranto

Training Men to be Better: Rewards and Punishments by Ryan Duffy

Training Men to be Better: Rewards and Punishments by Ryan Duffy

Where Have The Good Men Gone? by Kay S. Hymowitz

Where Have The Good Men Gone? by Kay S. Hymowitz

Can We Really Give Everyone Access to High Quality Preschool? by Megan McArdle

Can We Really Give Everyone Access to High Quality Preschool? by Megan McArdle

Lars Hedegaard, Defender of Freedom by Mark Steyn

Lars Hedegaard, Defender of Freedom by Mark Steyn

Gun Control, Mental Illness, and Safety: A Letter for Ted Cruz by Clayton E. Cramer

Gun Control, Mental Illness, and Safety: A Letter for Ted Cruz by Clayton E. Cramer

European GDP Takes a Nose Dive by Jeff Carter

European GDP Takes a Nose Dive by Jeff Carter

Wednesday, February 13, 2013

Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American Children by Betty Hart and Todd R. Risley

Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American Children by Betty Hart and Todd R. Risley

Hey Congress: Pre-K is a better investment than the stock market by Dylan Matthews

Hey Congress: Pre-K is a better investment than the stock market by Dylan Matthews

Drinking Their Own Ink by Sarah A. Hoyt

Drinking Their Own Ink by Sarah A. Hoyt

The Hawthorne, Pygmalion, Placebo and other effects of expectation: some notes by Stephen W. Draper

The Hawthorne, Pygmalion, Placebo and other effects of expectation: some notes by Stephen W. Draper

What do I think of Obama’s universal pre-school proposal? by Tyler Cowen

What do I think of Obama’s universal pre-school proposal? by Tyler Cowen

Promoting Social Mobility by James J. Heckman

Promoting Social Mobility by James J. Heckman

French Plan to Add to Already Lengthy School Days Angers Parents and Teachers by Nicola Clark

French Plan to Add to Already Lengthy School Days Angers Parents and Teachers by Nicola Clark

Appendix Evolved More Than 30 Times by Colin Barras

Appendix Evolved More Than 30 Times by Colin Barras

Bing Presents State of the Union

Bing Presents State of the Union

Tuesday, February 12, 2013

The Dying Bear: Russia's Demographic Disaster by Nicholas Eberstadt

The Dying Bear: Russia's Demographic Disaster by Nicholas Eberstadt

How the West Really Lost God by Mary Eberstadt

How the West Really Lost God by Mary Eberstadt

5 Ways to Make Progress in Evolutionary Psychology: Smash, Not Match, Stereotypes by Kate Clancy

5 Ways to Make Progress in Evolutionary Psychology: Smash, Not Match, Stereotypes by Kate Clancy

Against Enthusiasm: The epidemic of niceness in online book culture by Jacob Silverman

Against Enthusiasm: The epidemic of niceness in online book culture by Jacob Silverman

A Failure of Imagination: Why Bookish and other recommendation engines fall short by Hillary Kelly

A Failure of Imagination: Why Bookish and other recommendation engines fall short by Hillary Kelly

Saturday, February 9, 2013

Rich Block, Poor Block from Google Maps

Rich Block, Poor Block from Google Maps

Ending The Poverty Blues by Walter Russell Mead

Ending The Poverty Blues by Walter Russell Mead

The Timeless Principles of American Prosperity by Peter Ferrara

The Timeless Principles of American Prosperity by Peter Ferrara

Science and Public Higher Education; or Get the Results Out; No Time for Referees by David S. Landes

Science and Public Higher Education; or Get the Results Out; No Time for Referees by David S. Landes

Mining the Web for Feelings, Not Facts by Alex Wright

Mining the Web for Feelings, Not Facts by Alex Wright

Ways and Means - A Pamphlet On Revenues - I by Xenophon

Ways and Means - A Pamphlet On Revenues - I by Xenophon

Why culture is chunky and genes are creamy by Razib Khan

Why culture is chunky and genes are creamy by Razib Khan

Friday, February 8, 2013

Genes mix faster than stories: Folk tales' 'DNA' shows that people would sooner have sex with strangers than tell their fables by Philip Ball

Genes mix faster than stories: Folk tales' 'DNA' shows that people would sooner have sex with strangers than tell their fables by Philip Ball

Population structure and cultural geography of a folktale in Europe by Robert M. Ross, Simon J. Greenhill, and Quentin D. Atkinson

Population structure and cultural geography of a folktale in Europe by Robert M. Ross, Simon J. Greenhill, and Quentin D. Atkinson

Against the cultural anthropologists by Razib Khan

Against the cultural anthropologists by Razib Khan

The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race by Jared Diamond

The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race by Jared Diamond

Cuckoldry rates in Germany are ~1 percent by Razib Khan

Cuckoldry rates in Germany are ~1 percent by Razib Khan

Wednesday, February 6, 2013

Why Can Some Kids Handle Pressure While Others Fall Apart? by Po Bronson and Ashley Merryman

Why Can Some Kids Handle Pressure While Others Fall Apart? by Po Bronson and Ashley Merryman

Just-So Stories: Loose talk about evolution and storytelling by Alan Jacobs

Just-So Stories: Loose talk about evolution and storytelling by Alan Jacobs

Department of Awful Statistics: Income Inequality Edition by Megan McArdle

Department of Awful Statistics: Income Inequality Edition by Megan McArdle

Acemoglu and Robinson on the great stagnation by Tyler Cowen

Acemoglu and Robinson on the great stagnation by Tyler Cowen

Baby Boomers Sicker Than Parents’ Generation, Study Finds by Nicole Ostrow

Baby Boomers Sicker Than Parents’ Generation, Study Finds by Nicole Ostrow

An Amazing Consensus among Economists: Not by Bryan Caplan

An Amazing Consensus among Economists: Not by Bryan Caplan

Why I hate David Foster Wallace and all he stands for by CarlD

Why I hate David Foster Wallace and all he stands for by CarlD

Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds by Iowahawk

Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds by Iowahawk

Education spending that isn't smart by Jonah Goldberg

Education spending that isn't smart by Jonah Goldberg

Does Education Matter? by Alison Wolf

Does Education Matter? by Alison Wolf

More Losers Than Winners in America's New Economic Geography by Richard Florida

More Losers Than Winners in America's New Economic Geography by Richard Florida

Tuesday, February 5, 2013

Radical Islam’s Global Reaction: The Push for Blasphemy Laws by Michael J. Totten

Radical Islam’s Global Reaction: The Push for Blasphemy Laws by Michael J. Totten

Environmental Kuznets Curves: A Review of Findings, Methods, and Policy Implications by Bruce Yandle, Madhusudan Bhattarai , and Maya Vijayaraghavan

Environmental Kuznets Curves: A Review of Findings, Methods, and Policy Implications by Bruce Yandle, Madhusudan Bhattarai , and Maya Vijayaraghavan

Why Parents Need to Let Their Children Fail by Jessica Lahey

Why Parents Need to Let Their Children Fail by Jessica Lahey

Flaubert's Dictionary of Received Ideas by Gustave Flaubert

Flaubert's Dictionary of Received Ideas by Gustave Flaubert

The Boys at the Back by Christina Hoff Sommers

The Boys at the Back by Christina Hoff Sommers

Boys, Girls, and Behavior by Sara Mead

Boys, Girls, and Behavior by Sara Mead

The Psychological Meaning of Words: LIWC and Computerized Text Analysis Methods by Yla R. Tausczik and James W. Pennebaker

The Psychological Meaning of Words: LIWC and Computerized Text Analysis Methods by Yla R. Tausczik and James W. Pennebaker

Gender Differences in Language Use: An Analysis of 14,000 Text Samples by Matthew L. Newman, Carla J. Groom, Lori D. Handelman, and James W. Pennebaker

Gender Differences in Language Use: An Analysis of 14,000 Text Samples by Matthew L. Newman, Carla J. Groom, Lori D. Handelman, and James W. Pennebaker

What Your Choice of Words Says about Your Personality by Jan Dönges

What Your Choice of Words Says about Your Personality by Jan Dönges

He Counts Your Words (Even Those Pronouns) by Jessica Warner

He Counts Your Words (Even Those Pronouns) by Jessica Warner

The Philosophy of Data by David Brooks

The Philosophy of Data by David Brooks

A revolution in the works? by Glenn Harlan Reynolds

A revolution in the works? by Glenn Harlan Reynolds

Monday, February 4, 2013

Creative Ways to Encourage Students to Read by Robert Morgan

Creative Ways to Encourage Students to Read by Robert Morgan

Clues For Unlocking Life-long Learning and Literacy by Brian Scott

Clues For Unlocking Life-long Learning and Literacy by Brian Scott

Reading on the Rise for First Time Since 1982, NEA Reports by Bob Thompson

Reading on the Rise for First Time Since 1982, NEA Reports by Bob Thompson

Do They Read for Pleasure? Recreational Reading Habits of College Students by Jude D. Gallik

Do They Read for Pleasure? Recreational Reading Habits of College Students by Jude D. Gallik

Growth in Reading and How Children Spend Their Time Outside of School by R.C. Anderson, Paul T. Wilson and Linda G. Fielding

Growth in Reading and How Children Spend Their Time Outside of School by R.C. Anderson, Paul T. Wilson and Linda G. Fielding

Books, reading and book usage in the European Union by Miha Kovac and Mojca Kovac Sebart

Books, reading and book usage in the European Union by Miha Kovac and Mojca Kovac Sebart

Where does the reading problem go when children grow up? by Thomas G. Sticht

Where does the reading problem go when children grow up? by Thomas G. Sticht

Books for Schools: Amanda Craig shares some tips on how to choose the right book for your child

Books for Schools: Amanda Craig shares some tips on how to choose the right book for your child

Economic, neurobiological, and behavioral perspectives on building America’s future workforce by Eric I. Knudsen, James J. Heckman, Judy L. Cameron, and Jack P. Shonkoff

Economic, neurobiological, and behavioral perspectives on building America’s future workforce by Eric I. Knudsen, James J. Heckman, Judy L. Cameron, and Jack P. Shonkoff

The economic impact of the achievement gap in America’s schools from McKinsey

The economic impact of the achievement gap in America’s schools from McKinsey

The Technocratic Dilemma by Megan McArdle

The Technocratic Dilemma by Megan McArdle

Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning by Horst W. J. Rittel and Melvin M. Webber

Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning by Horst W. J. Rittel and Melvin M. Webber

Do We Live in a Post-Truth Era? by Ronald Bailey

Do We Live in a Post-Truth Era? by Ronald Bailey

Ruth Benedict, Patterns of Culture: From Culture to cultures by Jason Antrosio

Ruth Benedict, Patterns of Culture: From Culture to cultures by Jason Antrosio

Real heroes: four died so others might live by Bob Greene

Real heroes: four died so others might live by Bob Greene

Private-Sector Pensions: A New Front in the War on the Young by Walter Russell Mead

Private-Sector Pensions: A New Front in the War on the Young by Walter Russell Mead

Starting a Business Is a Huge Pain by Matt Yglesias

Starting a Business Is a Huge Pain by Matt Yglesias

Northern lights by Adrian Wooldridge

Northern lights by Adrian Wooldridge

Nordic Countries Reinventing Capitalism from The Economist

The Economist: Nordic Countries Reinventing Capitalism by Walter Russell Mead

Seeing Mexico Through Blood-Tinted Glasses by Walter Russell Mead

Seeing Mexico Through Blood-Tinted Glasses by Walter Russell Mead

Sunday, February 3, 2013

Slate’s Matt Yglesias Sings the Blue Model Blues by Walter Russell Mead

Slate’s Matt Yglesias Sings the Blue Model Blues by Walter Russell Mead

The History of Torture - Why We Can't Give It Up by Colin Woodard

The History of Torture - Why We Can't Give It Up by Colin Woodard

Talent Grab: Why do we pay our stars so much money? by Malcolm Gladwell

Talent Grab: Why do we pay our stars so much money? by Malcolm Gladwell


Dorothy and the Tree: A Lesson in Epistemology by Stanley Fish

Dorothy and the Tree: A Lesson in Epistemology by Stanley Fish

2010 Baccalaureate Remarks from The Princeton News

2010 Baccalaureate Remarks from The Princeton News

The Great Prescriptivist reviewed by Warren Clements

The Great Prescriptivist reviewed by Warren Clements

How the "Cravath System" Created the Bi-Modal Distribution by Bill Henderson

How the "Cravath System" Created the Bi-Modal Distribution by Bill Henderson

The Misandry Bubble from The Futurist

The Misandry Bubble from The Futurist

Thinking About NASA History

Thinking About NASA History

Economics of the Singularity by Robin Hanson

Economics of the Singularity by Robin Hanson

The Islanders by Rudyard Kipling

The Islanders by Rudyard Kipling

The Remarkable Rightness of Rudyard Kipling by Katharine Fullerton Gerould

The Remarkable Rightness of Rudyard Kipling by Katharine Fullerton Gerould

The Six Chief Lives from Johnson's "Lives of the Poets" Preface by Matthew Arnold

The Six Chief Lives from Johnson's "Lives of the Poets" Preface by Matthew Arnold

Forget What You've Heard: Mass Shootings Aren't Rising. But They Probably Aren't Going Away by Megan McArdle

Forget What You've Heard: Mass Shootings Aren't Rising. But They Probably Aren't Going Away by Megan McArdle

S=E-(O1+O2+O3. . . .) An Economic Analysis of Career Anxiety Among Yale Law Students by Glenn H. Reynolds

S=E-(O1+O2+O3. . . .) An Economic Analysis of Career Anxiety Among Yale Law Students by Glenn H. Reynolds

Saturday, February 2, 2013

Measure of America website

Measure of America website

The Great Conversation by Robert M. Hutchins

The Great Conversation by Robert M. Hutchins

English Pronunciation

English Pronunciation

Developmental Timing Explains The Woes Of Adolescence by Alison Gopnik

Developmental Timing Explains The Woes Of Adolescence by Alison Gopnik

Culture Matters by Lawrence E. Harrison

Culture Matters by Lawrence E. Harrison

What's a Man? from The Economist

What's a Man? from The Economist

Why My Books Really Are 12-up by Alix Flinn

Why My Books Really Are 12-up by Alix Flinn

Web Readers Hit the Books Less Frequently by Alex Mindlin

Web Readers Hit the Books Less Frequently by Alex Mindlin

Building a Knowledge Base in reading by Jan Braunger and Jan Patricia Lewis

Building a Knowledge Base in reading by Jan Braunger and Jan Patricia Lewis

How the Poor Die by George Orwell

How the Poor Die by George Orwell

Against School: How public education cripples our kids, and why by John Taylor Gatto

Against School: How public education cripples our kids, and why by John Taylor Gatto

Earnings, Education, Genetics and Environment by Paul Taubman

Earnings, Education, Genetics and Environment by Paul Taubman

The Limits of the Coded World by William Egginton

The Limits of the Coded World by William Egginton

The Left’s ‘Colonel Kurtz’ Summer by David Steinberg

The Left’s ‘Colonel Kurtz’ Summer by David Steinberg

Social Life and Social Inequality by Laura Hamilton and Elizabeth Armstrong

Social Life and Social Inequality by Laura Hamilton and Elizabeth Armstrong

The Limits of Uiversalism by Henry A. Kissinger

The Limits of Uiversalism by Henry A. Kissinger

Hymns in a Man's Life by D.H. Lawrence

Hymns in a Man's Life by D.H. Lawrence

Return of the Kingsley by Matthew Walther

Return of the Kingsley by Matthew Walther

Europe’s Real Crisis: The Continent’s problems are as much demographic as financial. They won’t go away soon. by Megan McArdle

Europe’s Real Crisis: The Continent’s problems are as much demographic as financial. They won’t go away soon. by Megan McArdle

The World Until Yesterday by Jared Diamond – review by Wade Davis

The World Until Yesterday by Jared Diamond – review by Wade Davis

The Thirteen Virtues by Benjamin Franklin

The Thirteen Virtues by Benjamin Franklin

The Thirteen Principles by Maimonides

The Thirteen Principles by Maimonides

Why You Truly Never Leave High School by Jennifer Senior

Why You Truly Never Leave High School by Jennifer Senior

What Uncle Sam can (and cannot) do to improve K–12 schooling: Lessons for the next four years by Frederick M. Hess,Andrew P. Kelly

What Uncle Sam can (and cannot) do to improve K–12 schooling: Lessons for the next four years by Frederick M. Hess,Andrew P. Kelly